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New York Institute of Technology faculty received $470,000 in research grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Science Foundation (NSF).

Shenglong Zhang, Ph.D., associate professor of聽biological and chemical sciences听颈苍听NYIT College of Arts and Sciences聽and principal investigator, and聽Wenjia Li, Ph.D., associate professor of聽computer science听颈苍听NYIT College of Engineering and Computing Sciences聽and collaborator on the study, received $350,000 from the NIH 鈥� National Human Genome Research Institute to unlock mysteries in RNA sequencing.聽Sophia Domokos, Ph.D., assistant professor of聽physics聽in NYIT College of Arts and Sciences, received $120,000 from the NSF to advance research in particle physics. Read on to learn about their studies.

RNA nucleotide modifications have been linked to major diseases such as breast cancer, type-2 diabetes, and obesity. More than 40 RNA nucleotide modifications have recently been discovered in SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Due to the lack of methods that can sequence unknown RNA modifications, their identities and functions remain a mystery. Shenglong Zhang鈥檚 one-year study aims to reveal the identity and location of the different modifications in RNA of any type, including unknown modifications like in SARS-CoV-2 RNA, all in one study.

Despite that more than 170 RNA nucleotide modifications have been discovered so far, very few of them have been examined in detail because the methods currently available are limited. Typically, these RNA mapping methods are tailored only for a single type of known nucleotide modification and cannot indicate any unknown or other type of nucleotide modifications even if they co-exist in the same RNA molecule. These RNA modifications are undetectable by current high throughput sequencing technologies, which do not directly sequence RNAs themselves, but sequence their cDNAs (complementary DNA that is synthesized from the RNAs as a template) that only contain the four canonical deoxynucleotides found in a DNA molecule, adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).

Zhang鈥檚 new sequencing technology would allow for the discovery of previously unknown and different modifications in one RNA molecule as well as support research on the causes and eventual treatments for diseases linked to these nucleotide modifications.

Previous studies have shown that mass spectrometry (MS)-based sequencing is feasible in direct sequencing RNA without using cDNAs. 鈥淲e can now focus on further development of our technology as a general platform to sequence any nucleotide modifications, together with their RNA sequence of any type, once and for all in one single study,鈥� said Zhang. 鈥淭his information could be critical in understanding the infection cycle of SARS-CoV-2 and may potentially offer clues for understanding how SARS-CoV-2 makes people sick as well as developing effective treatments during the current pandemic or possible future reappearances.鈥�

This study, conducted in partnership with Columbia University and Cerno Bioscience, is a continuation of Zhang鈥檚 ongoing research on the development of direct RNA sequencing previously supported by Zhang鈥檚 R21 grant. In 2017, he and Li聽received a $568,000 grant聽from the NIH鈥檚 National Human Genome Research Institute to develop RNA sequencing methods that can be used to analyze RNA modifications in human, animal, and bacterial cells.

Sophia Domokos鈥檚 three-year study will examine the inner workings of matter. There have been great strides in understanding the elementary building blocks of matter and how they behave, but there are still unanswered questions. 鈥淭he elementary particles in these systems interact so forcefully and often that we simply can鈥檛 keep track of them,鈥� said Domokos. 鈥淪ometimes a new order emerges, electrons team up to let electric currents flow indefinitely; elementary particles called quarks and gluons clump together to form protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei. How precisely elementary particles create this new order remains a mystery.鈥�

Domokos will use holographic duality, a concept from string theory, to make progress in the understanding of fundamental physical systems like the particles inside the nucleus and the mathematics used to describe them. Her research will focus on real-world strongly coupled particles like the protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus, which can be described mathematically as solitons (solitary waves that act like particles) in holographic duality. She will study these objects in special string theory systems called D-brane intersections, which have powerful soliton-finding machinery built-in. 

鈥淲ithin string theory, there are a lot of different universes that you can create using holographic duality,鈥� she explained. 鈥淥ur goal is always to create an accurate description of how particles behave, so we want to make the string theory model as close as possible to what we see in the real world. But striving for accuracy in our models鈥攅specially in the context of holographic duality鈥攃an yield frameworks that are complicated enough to be nearly intractable, leaving us to resort to approximations in order to make headway that may gloss over hints at a deeper structure.鈥�

Domokos decided to make a big approximation from the get-go, using a simpler framework that comes with many powerful mathematical tools, with the hope that it will let her glean an underlying pattern that may be reflected鈥攁t least approximately鈥攊n the real world. 鈥淚magine the striated pattern in the bark of a tree. We can all see that the ridges in the bark form a roughly regular pattern, but not perfectly regular,鈥� she explains. 鈥淪till, you can probably learn a lot about how the tree works as a biological system and how it relates to its environment by making a model of the tree where the ridges are exactly parallel and spaced at even intervals. That鈥檚 the kind of approximation I鈥檓 trying to make for particles in the nucleus.鈥�

Domokos will work with undergraduate students as well as聽Kevin Park, M.F.A., assistant professor of digital art and design, who will create visualizations of string theory using VR.